利用小麦关联RIL群体定位产量相关性状QTL

为定位控制小麦产量相关性状的QTL位点,获得与重要位点连锁的分子标记和染色体区段,以分别含有229和485个家系的关联重组自交系(RIL)群体WY和WJ为材料,在4个环境中,用完备区间作图法(ICIM)对产量相关性状进行了QTL定位分析。结果表明,产量相关性状QTL分布在小麦21条染色体上。在WY群体中检测到每穗小穗数、主茎穗粒数、单株穗数、千粒重和单株产量的QTL分别有9、9、4、7和5个,其中16个(55.2%)解释大于10%的表型变异;在WJ群体中检测到这5个性状的QTL分别有20、16、11、14和9个,其中只有3个(6.7%)在单个环境中解释超过10%的表型变异。在WY群体中有5个QTL在2个环境中被重复检测到;在WJ群体中,有11个QTL在2个或2个以上环境中被重复检测到。在2个群体中均检测到产量相关性状的QTL在染色体上形成了含有一因多效或紧密连锁QTL的染色体区段,并在2个群体检测到可能相同的9对QTL和2个染色体区段。     

Identification and genetic characterization of an ethylene-dependent polygalacturonase from apricot fruit

During fruit ripening a loss of firmness occurs, which is a key factor limiting postharvest life. In apricot, Prunus armeniaca L., a wide range of fruit firmness at commercial maturity has been observed in different cultivars. Endopolygalacturonase (endoPG) activity has been reported to be associated with differences in firmness in many fruit species, but never in apricot. In this paper, we reported the identification of an apricot cDNA (PaPG) coding for an endoPG-like protein with 393 amino acids. Protein sequence comparison with known polygalacturonases (PGs) revealed that multiple features as conserved domains and functional residues and a predicted signal peptide were present in PaPG. Moreover, a phylogenetic analysis of this and other plant PGs placed PaPG into a clade containing endoPGs expressed in fruit, abscission and dehiscence zones without a propeptide sequence, very close to PRF5 from peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch). PaPG gene expression increased during postharvest storage of the fruit, correlating with fruit softening and ethylene release, and it responded to exogenous ethylene treatments. We localized the PaPG gene in apricot linkage group 4 after genetic mapping based on SNP analysis, in a position apparently syntenic to the PRF5 locus from peach. Results obtained offer genetic evidence supporting the hypothesis that PaPG and PRF5 are orthologous genes, and consequently position PaPG as a gene of interest for studies on fruit softening in apricot, and contribute to the development of molecular tools for breeding apricots with longer shelf life.     

用Mapbasic编程自动绘制林业用图的部分元素

应用Mapinfo 6.5的二次开发程序Mapbasic编写应用程序,实现自动绘制林业用图的部分元素,使林业成图更为快捷、方便和准确。     

大豆农艺性状的QTL分析

[目的]分析大豆农艺性状的QTL,为探讨大豆的遗传机制及进行遗传育种提供参考。[方法]应用复合区间作图法对蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、产量、百粒重、生育期等5个数量性状进行QTL定位和遗传效应分析。[结果]控制蛋白质含量、脂肪含量、产量、百粒重、生育期性状的4、4、1、2、5个共16个QTL位点,遗传贡献率在7.4%～33.7%。其中,遗传贡献率较大的主效QTL有分别位于I连锁群上Satt562-Sat_219、Sat_219-Satt496、Sat_219-Satt496区间的3个控制蛋白质含量的QTL位点,其遗传贡献率分别为29.15%、33.70%和31.67%,且均为来自母本合丰25的加效基因,还有位于O连锁群上Satt477-Satt331、Satt331-Satt153区间的2个控制生育期QTL位点,其遗传贡献率分别为24.69%和24.96%,也是来自母本合丰25的加效基因。另外,6个分别距M连锁群Satt175（蛋白质）、A1连锁群Satt684（油分）、F连锁群Satt348（油分）、J连锁群Sat_412（油分）、C1连锁群Sat_416（百粒重）、C1连锁群Sat_416（生育期）标记仅有0.01 cm的QTL位点。[结论]定位了影响蛋白质含量、油分含量、产量、百粒重和生育期等5个重要农艺性状的QTL位点。     

Fine mapping and detection of the causative mutation underlying Quantitative Trait Loci

The effect on power and precision of including the causative SNP amongst the investigated markers in Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping experiments was investigated. Three fine mapping methods were tested to see which was most efficient in finding the causative mutation: combined linkage and linkage disequilibrium mapping (LLD); association mapping (MARK); a combination of LLD and association mapping (LLDMARK). Two simulated data sets were analysed: in one set, the causative SNP was included amongst the markers, while in the other set the causative SNP was masked between markers. Including the causative SNP amongst the markers increased both precision and power in the analyses. For the LLD method the number of correctly positioned QTL increased from 17 for the analysis without the causative SNP to 77 for the analysis including the causative SNP. The likelihood of the data analysis increased from 3.4 to 13.3 likelihood units for the MARK method when the causative SNP was included. When the causative SNP was masked between the analysed markers, the LLD method was most efficient in detecting the correct QTL position, while the MARK method was most efficient when the causative SNP was included as a marker in the analysis. The LLDMARK method, combining association mapping and LLD, assumes a QTL as the null hypothesis (using LLD method) and tests whether the ‘putative causative SNP’ explains significantly more variance than a QTL in the region. Thus, if the putative causative SNP does not only give an Identical‐By‐Descent (IBD) signal, but also an Alike‐In‐State (AIS) signal, LLDMARK gives a positive likelihood ratio. LLDMARK detected less than half as many causative SNPs as the other methods, and also had a relatively high false discovery rate when the QTL effect was large. LLDMARK may however be more robust against spurious associations, because the regional IBD is largely corrected for by fitting a QTL effect in the null hypothesis model.     

猪脱碘酶3基因定位及对生产性状的潜在影响

为确定猪脱碘酶3(DIO3)基因能否作为某些生产性状的候选基因,本研究设计猪DIO3基因特异引物,采用辐射杂种细胞系,将其定位在猪7号染色体微卫星SW764附近。通过比较猪QTL数据库,发现该座位存在7个分别影响猪肌纤维直径、内脂率、胴体长、胴体质量、皮质醇水平调控的QTL,结果表明DIO3基因可作为猪肉质性状、胴体性状和应激相关性状的候选基因。     

猪COPG2和MEST克隆、印记状况和组织表达分析

【目的】为了在猪中找到更多新的候选印记基因并分析它们在哺乳动物之间的保守性,以期为猪分子遗传育种提供基础分子生物学信息和分子标记。【方法】以长白与荣昌猪杂交F1 代一月龄个体为研究对象,通过比较生物学的方法,克隆COPG2和MEST全长cDNA,并分析基因的序列特点,然后利用 IMpRH(法国农业科学院的辐射杂种克隆板)分析COPG2和MEST在猪染色体上定位信息。通过RT-PCR产物直接测序方法分析了这些基因在一月龄F1代个体11个不同组织(心、胃、肌肉、肾脏、肺、肝、小肠、膀胱、舌头、脾和脂肪)的印记状况,并进一步利用Real-time PCR方法,分析其在一月龄F1代个体11个不同组织的表达情况。【结果】克隆得到2 817 bp COPG2和2 219 bp MEST序列。其中COPG2 包括2 616 bp 完整CDS(coding sequenc,编码序列)区域,分析表明其编码含871个氨基酸的蛋白质,MEST包括981 bp完整CDS区域,编码326个氨基酸的蛋白质。IMpRH分析结果表明,猪COPG2和MEST都位于猪18号染色体上并且与标记CL365941紧密连锁,LOD值分别为14.32和8.5。印记分析表明COPG2在11个组织中呈双等位表达,MEST在心脏、胃、肌肉、肾、肺、膀胱、舌头和脂肪中表达父方等位基因,但在肝脏、小肠和脾脏中呈双等位表达。荧光定量结果显示COPG2 和MEST总的表达量在一月龄个体各组织间存在着显著性差异(P＜0.01),其中COPG2和MEST在肾脏中表达量均高于其它各组织(P＜0.01)。【结论】在哺乳动物之间,COPG2序列较为保守但是印记状况却缺乏保守性;MEST序列和印记状况均较为保守,但MEST在猪中印记状况具有组织特异性。此外,染色体定位信息和印记状况证实了在猪的18号染色体上有由COPG2和MEST构成的新的印记域。     

A hierarchical approach coupled with coarse DEM information for improving the efficiency and accuracy of forest mapping over very rugged terrains

Forest mapping over mountainous terrains is difficult because of high relief. Although digital elevation models (DEMs) are often useful to improve mapping accuracy, high quality DEMs are seldom available over large areas, especially in developing countries. In this study, a hierarchical approach coupled with topographic information derived from coarse DEM was developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of forest mapping over mountainous areas. The overall idea of increasing mapping accuracy over large mountainous areas is to reduce spectral variety over areas to be mapped. The approach consists of three major steps. The first step is to partition a large mountainous area into several small mapping zones. Forest mapping is then conducted in each zone independently. At the second step, forest areas are separated from non-forest areas through a semi-automatic binary classification procedure. At the third step, forested areas are then further classified into detailed forest types by coupling Landsat ETM+ imagery and two topographic variables derived from a coarse DEM (extracted from 1:250,000 digital elevation contour layer, which are readily available). This hierarchical approach was illustrated and evaluated through a case study in Northwest Yunnan, China, a very rugged terrain in the world. Forests and non-forests were separated accurately and efficiently (the overall accuracy is 0.97 and Khat value is 0.94 of whole area). It was found that the inclusion of the coarse topographic data improved the mapping accuracy significantly (overall accuracy from 0.74 to 0.84, from 0.76 to 0.89, from 0.78 to 0.84 in three test areas, respectively), and that the difference in accuracy between the use of coarse DEM data and the use of fine DEM data for the study area is not significant (overall accuracy from 0.84 to 0.86). The results indicate that the hierarchical approach, coupled with coarse DEM information, is effective in increasing the accuracy of forest mapping over very rugged terrains when high quality digital elevation models are not available.     

Long-term impacts of prescribed burning on regional extent and incidence of wildfires—Evidence from 50 years of active fire management in SW Australian forests

Prescribed burning is advocated for the sustainable management of fire-prone ecosystems for its capacity to reduce fuel loads and mitigate large high-intensity wildfires. However, there is a lack of comprehensive field evidence on which to base predictions of the benefits of prescribed burning for meeting either wildfire hazard reduction or conservation goals. Australian eucalypt forests are among the very few forest types in the world where prescribed burning has been practised long enough and at a large enough spatial scale to quantify its effect on the incidence and extent of unplanned fires. Nevertheless even for Australian forests evidence of the effectiveness of prescribed burning remains fragmented and largely unpublished in the scientific literature.